Pulled array seismics being one of them, especially when I am the only one on the team to take care of the stuff up in the vehicle that we use to pull it all.
I have been trying to do a bit of exercise at the hotel rooms, can be difficult though to motivate yourself after a long day at work.
Showing posts with label geophysics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label geophysics. Show all posts
January 29, 2012
April 18, 2010
Ash cloud slows global warming
In Danish media everyone seems to be complaining about this ash cloud. A geophysicist being a bit enthusiastic about the things happening in the eruption almost had to excuse herself. It does annoy a lot of people I'm sure, but I really think this ash eruption and the ash cloud is a great thing.
It might just help fight global warming in quite a few ways.
The first thing is that a big volcanic eruption in history always has had a cooling effect on the earths atmosphere. Two things that add to this is
- The ash cloud absorbing some of the sun's rays up in the higher layers of the atmosphere from where the infrared rays can much easier get out into space again.
- The particles released into the atmosphere increases development of clouds which also helps cool the atmosphere.
But then there is another effect, maybe not the first one that springs to mind, but perhaps the one with the biggest long term effect.
With people being forced to find other possibilities instead of going by plane these days, they will discover that some of the solutions they come up with these days are actually better than going by plane, thereby reducing the amount of plane travel.
For example people who have not really tried online meetings will be forced to try it now, I am sure quite a few of them will see that is actually has become a viable alternative to meeting in person, there's a lot of money saved using these kinds of meetings and I'm sure that just the fact that people try this out now will make online meetings more common when airspace is opened again.
So thank you Iceland for helping fight global warming :)
It might just help fight global warming in quite a few ways.
The first thing is that a big volcanic eruption in history always has had a cooling effect on the earths atmosphere. Two things that add to this is
- The ash cloud absorbing some of the sun's rays up in the higher layers of the atmosphere from where the infrared rays can much easier get out into space again.
- The particles released into the atmosphere increases development of clouds which also helps cool the atmosphere.
But then there is another effect, maybe not the first one that springs to mind, but perhaps the one with the biggest long term effect.
With people being forced to find other possibilities instead of going by plane these days, they will discover that some of the solutions they come up with these days are actually better than going by plane, thereby reducing the amount of plane travel.
For example people who have not really tried online meetings will be forced to try it now, I am sure quite a few of them will see that is actually has become a viable alternative to meeting in person, there's a lot of money saved using these kinds of meetings and I'm sure that just the fact that people try this out now will make online meetings more common when airspace is opened again.
So thank you Iceland for helping fight global warming :)
May 25, 2008
Floating offshore windturbines
I just stumbled upon an interesting article on / (the discussion on /. as often is the case contains many interesting points, if you have the time to read through them).
I think this is a great idea, the concept has already been used on offshore drilling rigs and a company like Statiol who has extensive experience with this seems right to get this idea going.
Wind power really is something that really needs to become used as extensively as in any way possible and I think this might be a good step in the right direction.
I think this is a great idea, the concept has already been used on offshore drilling rigs and a company like Statiol who has extensive experience with this seems right to get this idea going.
Wind power really is something that really needs to become used as extensively as in any way possible and I think this might be a good step in the right direction.
September 14, 2007
Drilling
Drilling's isn't the first thing that comes to my mind when I think of geophysical methods and I guess it is more geology and geophysics, never the less that is something I work a lot with these days and it is a method that should never be ignored.
Drilling really seems quite straightforward and it basically is very simple. Making a hole in the earth with pretty much the same radius all the way down.
In general something can be said about drilling as such when compared to other methods:
- You only get information from one horizontal point (or maybe more accurately a small area with the radius of the drilling and perhaps with certain log-methods some information from the earth surrounding the drilling but I have yet to see a drilling to be used as more than a point information for all practical purposes) to the depth that you drill.
- You usually get extremely accurate information, when used with other geophysical methods drilling information is often used as very certain information which is used to check data and improve on the processing of data acquired through other geophysics methods.
There are many ways of doing drilling's, each with it's advantages and disadvantages.
One method is using a real drill head and turning/pushing that down the earth, the big advantage of this is that if you pull up the drill every time you have drilled the depth of the drill head you get a pretty undisturbed sample of the earth at that depth, that makes it possible to make very accurate description of the earth. One of the big disadvantages of this method is that it is far from always possible to do this, the harder the earth is the more force is needed to turn and push down the drill and the more strength is required from the drilling equipment.
This method is what is for example usually used for geotechnical investigations to check the underground before a building is build and to decide what kind of foundation is needed, for this purpose the drilling's need not be much deeper than to the layer which can carry the weight of the building which often here in Denmark means only a few meters for a normal house even though sometimes deeper drilling's are needed even for small houses depending very much on what is found in the drilling.
Drilling really seems quite straightforward and it basically is very simple. Making a hole in the earth with pretty much the same radius all the way down.
In general something can be said about drilling as such when compared to other methods:
- You only get information from one horizontal point (or maybe more accurately a small area with the radius of the drilling and perhaps with certain log-methods some information from the earth surrounding the drilling but I have yet to see a drilling to be used as more than a point information for all practical purposes) to the depth that you drill.
- You usually get extremely accurate information, when used with other geophysical methods drilling information is often used as very certain information which is used to check data and improve on the processing of data acquired through other geophysics methods.
There are many ways of doing drilling's, each with it's advantages and disadvantages.
One method is using a real drill head and turning/pushing that down the earth, the big advantage of this is that if you pull up the drill every time you have drilled the depth of the drill head you get a pretty undisturbed sample of the earth at that depth, that makes it possible to make very accurate description of the earth. One of the big disadvantages of this method is that it is far from always possible to do this, the harder the earth is the more force is needed to turn and push down the drill and the more strength is required from the drilling equipment.
This method is what is for example usually used for geotechnical investigations to check the underground before a building is build and to decide what kind of foundation is needed, for this purpose the drilling's need not be much deeper than to the layer which can carry the weight of the building which often here in Denmark means only a few meters for a normal house even though sometimes deeper drilling's are needed even for small houses depending very much on what is found in the drilling.
August 09, 2007
MEP also known as static DC-profliling
I thought I would write a bit about the things I work with, hopefully this will only be the first of a row of posts about different geophysical methods.
The geophysical method I work with the most is called MEP, Multiple Electrode Profiling, I think in some areas this is better known as static DC-profiling.
The idea behind this method is to send an electric current between two points on the surface of the earth and measure the potential difference between two other points which then will give you some kind of resistance measurement.
Now this resistance says something about what it is you are sending the current through. Of course you measure higher resistance the further apart the electrodes are, but when you do some calculations on this you find out that this can be taken out of the equation by dividing by something called the geometrical factor, you then have something that is measured in ohms/m, called relative resistance which if you stand on a "homogeneous halfspace" (a flat earth consisting of the same material) will give the same output no matter how you arrange the electrodes. Now the earth is not a "homogeneous halfspace" but this relative resistance that you measure says something about what it is you send the current through.
Another thing that is being used is that the further apart the electrodes are, the deeper the current will run into the earth. So this way you can get a lot of information about the resistance of the earth. By doing measurements with different configurations of the electrodes you get ever more information on the resistance structure of the earth.
There are almost always more than one resistivity model that will fit data, but if you also have some other geological information and put on some boundaries on what kind of model you accept (like for example the 1-d model which says that the earth is composed of horizontal layers, which often is close to true) you can get a pretty good idea of what is beneath the surface.
The way this is done practically is most often (at least in my experience) with some special equipment from a company in Sweden, Abem, the company is closely connected to the university in Lund.
Usually you lie out 400 meters of multi conductor cable, connect that cable to the ground using spears that you connect to the cables outlets and then let the machine in the middle send out current and measure potential differences on a lot of preprogrammed configurations. When it is done you move 100 meters of cable to the other end of the line, move the machine back to the middle and let it measure again, then move another 100 meters and so on and on.
One of the good things of this method is that you can measure in almost any terrain as long as the fieldworkers are able to lie out the configuration in a straight line (can be a bigger challenge than what you might imagine, but it is can almost always be done). All the equipment and work can be done by two men carrying the equipment.
With the 400 meters configuration you can usually get reliable data down to at least 50 meters depth and sometimes even 200 meters depending a lot on what structure the underground has. As with almost all of these method the deeper you get the less resolution you will have on the structures in the underground.
The geophysical method I work with the most is called MEP, Multiple Electrode Profiling, I think in some areas this is better known as static DC-profiling.
The idea behind this method is to send an electric current between two points on the surface of the earth and measure the potential difference between two other points which then will give you some kind of resistance measurement.
Now this resistance says something about what it is you are sending the current through. Of course you measure higher resistance the further apart the electrodes are, but when you do some calculations on this you find out that this can be taken out of the equation by dividing by something called the geometrical factor, you then have something that is measured in ohms/m, called relative resistance which if you stand on a "homogeneous halfspace" (a flat earth consisting of the same material) will give the same output no matter how you arrange the electrodes. Now the earth is not a "homogeneous halfspace" but this relative resistance that you measure says something about what it is you send the current through.
Another thing that is being used is that the further apart the electrodes are, the deeper the current will run into the earth. So this way you can get a lot of information about the resistance of the earth. By doing measurements with different configurations of the electrodes you get ever more information on the resistance structure of the earth.
There are almost always more than one resistivity model that will fit data, but if you also have some other geological information and put on some boundaries on what kind of model you accept (like for example the 1-d model which says that the earth is composed of horizontal layers, which often is close to true) you can get a pretty good idea of what is beneath the surface.
The way this is done practically is most often (at least in my experience) with some special equipment from a company in Sweden, Abem, the company is closely connected to the university in Lund.
Usually you lie out 400 meters of multi conductor cable, connect that cable to the ground using spears that you connect to the cables outlets and then let the machine in the middle send out current and measure potential differences on a lot of preprogrammed configurations. When it is done you move 100 meters of cable to the other end of the line, move the machine back to the middle and let it measure again, then move another 100 meters and so on and on.
One of the good things of this method is that you can measure in almost any terrain as long as the fieldworkers are able to lie out the configuration in a straight line (can be a bigger challenge than what you might imagine, but it is can almost always be done). All the equipment and work can be done by two men carrying the equipment.
With the 400 meters configuration you can usually get reliable data down to at least 50 meters depth and sometimes even 200 meters depending a lot on what structure the underground has. As with almost all of these method the deeper you get the less resolution you will have on the structures in the underground.
May 03, 2007
Sudoku
I have just been spending 4 hours on a 4x4 Sudoku puzzle where I here after 4 hours sitting in front of the computer find that I have made a mistake and can't find room for the 5 that needs to be somewhere in a quadrant. I can identify in which quadrant the mistake is, but I end up figuring that 4 hours is enough time spend on this.
Sudokuy is really very fascinating, the 3x3 is usually solved in less than 30 minutes, it is a nice way for me to relax, but I have only once had the patience to solve a 4x4 sudoku, that took me something like 4 hours back then.
I have made myself a little programming task of making a Sudoku program of some kind, Sudoku is something that computer programs are much faster at solving than a human brain will probably ever be ... at least if you have anything that resembles as much computing power as what has the everyday person has easily been able to get for the last ~25 years.
Still to make this program I need to learn Java better which right now is the language I am trying to motivate myself to get learned, it's been months since I last did spend time with this, it will probably have to wait until winter like so many other projects involving a lot of sitting down.
Right now I am out working a lot in with geophysics and related things which has me very physically active, if I was to sit down to much now I would get out of shape, it has been hard enough to get myself into physical shape again after the winter, I am kind of planning not to allow myself to get as much out of shape again like I did last winter.
Sudokuy is really very fascinating, the 3x3 is usually solved in less than 30 minutes, it is a nice way for me to relax, but I have only once had the patience to solve a 4x4 sudoku, that took me something like 4 hours back then.
I have made myself a little programming task of making a Sudoku program of some kind, Sudoku is something that computer programs are much faster at solving than a human brain will probably ever be ... at least if you have anything that resembles as much computing power as what has the everyday person has easily been able to get for the last ~25 years.
Still to make this program I need to learn Java better which right now is the language I am trying to motivate myself to get learned, it's been months since I last did spend time with this, it will probably have to wait until winter like so many other projects involving a lot of sitting down.
Right now I am out working a lot in with geophysics and related things which has me very physically active, if I was to sit down to much now I would get out of shape, it has been hard enough to get myself into physical shape again after the winter, I am kind of planning not to allow myself to get as much out of shape again like I did last winter.
February 12, 2007
Slashdot, flamebait and sensitive topics
There has been quite a few topics that I have found interesting on Slashdot lately (check out my profile there, it is mainly those that I label geophysics as that is what I have been studying a lot), it probably has a lot to do with how global warming has been brought up a lot, both by Al Gore and then by the new UN report.
I have been somewhat annoyed by the moderators on the site. I really feel that I am trying my best to give sensible and meaningful comments to the articles that add something new. At times I write something stupid, but mostly I feel I succeed at doing so.
Still I am often moderated down, for example a comment I just gave on the topic of how low clouds formed by cosmic radiation had an effect on the global heating we have seen in the last 30 years or so. This comment was given to begin with given the moderations insightful and interesting, all nice, but then this moderation flamebait comes along and moderates me down. To begin with I got really frustrates over this, getting positive moderations on Slashdot is a good thing generally as it improves your credibility (they use the word karma for this, which I don't really like because of it's religious meanings).
Anyhow after looking a bit on the following comments I have to agree with whoever moderated me flamebait, my comment really did give way for some aggressive comments or political statements, so I guess I have been bait for flaming.
I no longer really care much for the political side of global warming, there was a time when this was something that concerned me a lot, but I no longer believe in that humans will be able to safe this earth, we have gone to far. (I have now found another hope in the Bible, but that is a totally different topic which you can look at my homepage for a little more information, as I don't wan't to give release some really serious flame bait here ;).
I am kind of glad that I no longer have a political position on this topic of global warming, I find it highly interesting still, but it no longer matters all that much to me what is being done politically, I try to do what I can myself to be the cause for release of too many particles that add to the greenhouse effect as possible, but the political system and the political side of this story is no longer something I want to be part of or I guess I am by writing this blog post and such, but I don't want to take any direct political action anymore would probably be a more correct way to state this.
Global warming has really turned into a hot political topic. I guess that begin was also part of the reason why I choose to study geophysics, I really thought that I was able to do something that way, for a better world and such, but I have since realized that the best I can do is to not do to much harm to the environment that I love and then spend my time on other things than trying to do a little change that is not going to mean anything really in the big picture.
I still have deep respect and understanding for those that do spend a lot of time trying to make political change for a better environment, I feel a bit sorry for having left them behind, people I really still care very much for, but I don't believe that putting my energy there is the right thing to do anymore.
Anyhow see you all on Slashdot soon again, probably from more flamebait from me even though I will try to avoid it, I guess I can't deny my opinions, but at least I don't spend my time sitting in treetops anymore :)
I have been somewhat annoyed by the moderators on the site. I really feel that I am trying my best to give sensible and meaningful comments to the articles that add something new. At times I write something stupid, but mostly I feel I succeed at doing so.
Still I am often moderated down, for example a comment I just gave on the topic of how low clouds formed by cosmic radiation had an effect on the global heating we have seen in the last 30 years or so. This comment was given to begin with given the moderations insightful and interesting, all nice, but then this moderation flamebait comes along and moderates me down. To begin with I got really frustrates over this, getting positive moderations on Slashdot is a good thing generally as it improves your credibility (they use the word karma for this, which I don't really like because of it's religious meanings).
Anyhow after looking a bit on the following comments I have to agree with whoever moderated me flamebait, my comment really did give way for some aggressive comments or political statements, so I guess I have been bait for flaming.
I no longer really care much for the political side of global warming, there was a time when this was something that concerned me a lot, but I no longer believe in that humans will be able to safe this earth, we have gone to far. (I have now found another hope in the Bible, but that is a totally different topic which you can look at my homepage for a little more information, as I don't wan't to give release some really serious flame bait here ;).
I am kind of glad that I no longer have a political position on this topic of global warming, I find it highly interesting still, but it no longer matters all that much to me what is being done politically, I try to do what I can myself to be the cause for release of too many particles that add to the greenhouse effect as possible, but the political system and the political side of this story is no longer something I want to be part of or I guess I am by writing this blog post and such, but I don't want to take any direct political action anymore would probably be a more correct way to state this.
Global warming has really turned into a hot political topic. I guess that begin was also part of the reason why I choose to study geophysics, I really thought that I was able to do something that way, for a better world and such, but I have since realized that the best I can do is to not do to much harm to the environment that I love and then spend my time on other things than trying to do a little change that is not going to mean anything really in the big picture.
I still have deep respect and understanding for those that do spend a lot of time trying to make political change for a better environment, I feel a bit sorry for having left them behind, people I really still care very much for, but I don't believe that putting my energy there is the right thing to do anymore.
Anyhow see you all on Slashdot soon again, probably from more flamebait from me even though I will try to avoid it, I guess I can't deny my opinions, but at least I don't spend my time sitting in treetops anymore :)
February 09, 2007
Choose the right service to provide your weather forecasts
I just came upon this interesting article on /. pointing to a statistical evaluation of the forecasts from 10 different internet forecast channels that have weather predictions for the USA.
Pretty useful for anyone living in the USA to try and figure out where to go for their weather forecasts I would think.
I am happy to also be able to give the advice in this case, stay away from Microsoft products, MSN weather turns out to be pretty much the worst in that evaluation.
Still I think getting to know the basics of meteorology and then study what is going on at the moment and why the predictions were made the way they were is an even better option if you are really dependent on knowing the weather. That way you have an idea of possible scenarios and know how to read the skies and other signs when you are outdoors and can take your precautions.
Pretty useful for anyone living in the USA to try and figure out where to go for their weather forecasts I would think.
I am happy to also be able to give the advice in this case, stay away from Microsoft products, MSN weather turns out to be pretty much the worst in that evaluation.
Still I think getting to know the basics of meteorology and then study what is going on at the moment and why the predictions were made the way they were is an even better option if you are really dependent on knowing the weather. That way you have an idea of possible scenarios and know how to read the skies and other signs when you are outdoors and can take your precautions.
January 09, 2007
Help improve earthquake information
I live in an area of the world where earthquakes are very uncommon, that is they are that rare that I never really experienced an earthquake in real life.
Never the less one of my big interests and areas of study is earthquakes, they can tell us many interesting things about the interior of the earth and also give many other forms of information.
I often check in on the USGS online service where they show the different earthquakes registered all around the world.
If you go looking at the specific earthquakes there is a link called "did you feel it" in there you can give your experience of a specific earthquake, so if you do live in a region of the world where earthquakes are not as uncommon as they are here you can help by telling about your experience of the earthquake.
Maybe this information can help to improve in different ways, the more data available the better research can be done and in the end this might also lead to better detection systems, better warning systems and better preparedness from the authorities. Maybe it is a bit much to hope for, a single report probably are not going to do this, but I do think that if enough people were to report in their experiences of earthquakes the people working with the data from USGS and other sources would be able to do an even better job.
Never the less one of my big interests and areas of study is earthquakes, they can tell us many interesting things about the interior of the earth and also give many other forms of information.
I often check in on the USGS online service where they show the different earthquakes registered all around the world.
If you go looking at the specific earthquakes there is a link called "did you feel it" in there you can give your experience of a specific earthquake, so if you do live in a region of the world where earthquakes are not as uncommon as they are here you can help by telling about your experience of the earthquake.
Maybe this information can help to improve in different ways, the more data available the better research can be done and in the end this might also lead to better detection systems, better warning systems and better preparedness from the authorities. Maybe it is a bit much to hope for, a single report probably are not going to do this, but I do think that if enough people were to report in their experiences of earthquakes the people working with the data from USGS and other sources would be able to do an even better job.
May 31, 2006
Merapi updated, thoughts about repression
I'll start this post out with an update on my speculations on the two earthquakes and the Merapi eruption.
I have been looking a bit on the reports from the two earthquakes, the one on the 26. of may might have been directly associated with the eruption of Merapi as the summary also says:
while the second big one on the 28th seems not to be directly linked to the Merapi eruption as it is far to far away and deeper .~50km compared to the first one which was very shallow at ~10km, to me it seems very likely that all three event are associated with the same plate movements and are in this way connected, but a direct link does probably not exist between these three events in Indonesia even though it might exist between the two of them.
Anyhow that is enough geological mumbo jumbo for now, most of my readers probably have stopped reading this post (but hopefully not my entire blog) by now.
It is kind of scary how easy it is to forget all the suffering that is happening because of these events when I start studying them like I have been doing for the last few hours. I feel deeply sorry for all the animals, people and beautiful nature that has suffered because of these earthquakes, but when I only work with geological terms and numbers them this damage slips away from my mind. In a way this is a good thing, being able to not think of all the suffering makes it easier to live through these difficult times for our planet and for humanity, but still it is also scary.
I don't think Hitler would have been able to do what he did, killing so many people if not people had this ability to repress the suffering and just look at the numbers etc. without thinking about what is lying behind the numbers. How would a general ever be able to order an assault if he thought about the human suffering it would cause, if he thought about which of his soldiers, his friends, he would never see again?
This ability to ignore what lies behind the numbers and technical terms might be necessary in the world we are living in right now, but it sure isn't anything I want to train.
After all this is kind of the same thing that is often done to teach a soldier to kill ... He is being asked to shoot again and again at figures of men, teach him that they what he is shooting at is not a human like himself, it's just a piece of wood.
When he then when getting out in a war situation shoots a silhouette of a man like he has been taught and have done hundreds of times in training, from then on he is a killer. Which is what the power somewhere there behind the wars, the political and religious powers of this world wants and needs.
I have been looking a bit on the reports from the two earthquakes, the one on the 26. of may might have been directly associated with the eruption of Merapi as the summary also says:
From presently available data, we do not know if there is a direct link between the May 26 earthquake and the ongoing eruption of the volcano Merapi which is several tens of kilometers to the north.
while the second big one on the 28th seems not to be directly linked to the Merapi eruption as it is far to far away and deeper .~50km compared to the first one which was very shallow at ~10km, to me it seems very likely that all three event are associated with the same plate movements and are in this way connected, but a direct link does probably not exist between these three events in Indonesia even though it might exist between the two of them.
Anyhow that is enough geological mumbo jumbo for now, most of my readers probably have stopped reading this post (but hopefully not my entire blog) by now.
It is kind of scary how easy it is to forget all the suffering that is happening because of these events when I start studying them like I have been doing for the last few hours. I feel deeply sorry for all the animals, people and beautiful nature that has suffered because of these earthquakes, but when I only work with geological terms and numbers them this damage slips away from my mind. In a way this is a good thing, being able to not think of all the suffering makes it easier to live through these difficult times for our planet and for humanity, but still it is also scary.
I don't think Hitler would have been able to do what he did, killing so many people if not people had this ability to repress the suffering and just look at the numbers etc. without thinking about what is lying behind the numbers. How would a general ever be able to order an assault if he thought about the human suffering it would cause, if he thought about which of his soldiers, his friends, he would never see again?
This ability to ignore what lies behind the numbers and technical terms might be necessary in the world we are living in right now, but it sure isn't anything I want to train.
After all this is kind of the same thing that is often done to teach a soldier to kill ... He is being asked to shoot again and again at figures of men, teach him that they what he is shooting at is not a human like himself, it's just a piece of wood.
When he then when getting out in a war situation shoots a silhouette of a man like he has been taught and have done hundreds of times in training, from then on he is a killer. Which is what the power somewhere there behind the wars, the political and religious powers of this world wants and needs.
May 29, 2006
Merapi and earthquakes
First of I want to start this post saying that I feel very sorry for the people who have suffered from the earthquakes and volcanic eruption in Indonesia and the areas around them.
As geophysicst I find this entire situation kind of interesting and not least the fact that we have not been able to predict this situation very well.
It is the first time I am aware that there is such a direct connection between a volcanic eruption like the one happening at Merapi and the strong earthquakes that has been happening. With the other volcanic eruptions in my life time that i remember there has not been these strong earthquakes ... or at least they have not done all that much damage.
What is happening in the underground below Merapi would be very interesting to study closer. I guess it would require quite big investigations to be able to detect exactly what is going on.
It is kind of awkward that it takes disasters and human suffering like this one to make me again become interested in what I am studying at university, it makes me feel a bit guilty.
As geophysicst I find this entire situation kind of interesting and not least the fact that we have not been able to predict this situation very well.
It is the first time I am aware that there is such a direct connection between a volcanic eruption like the one happening at Merapi and the strong earthquakes that has been happening. With the other volcanic eruptions in my life time that i remember there has not been these strong earthquakes ... or at least they have not done all that much damage.
What is happening in the underground below Merapi would be very interesting to study closer. I guess it would require quite big investigations to be able to detect exactly what is going on.
It is kind of awkward that it takes disasters and human suffering like this one to make me again become interested in what I am studying at university, it makes me feel a bit guilty.
May 12, 2006
Climate model's
I just found this interesting story at Slashdot that talks about how Tibet is a main pathway for particles and water vapor into the stratosphere.
I did have some classes on climate modeling at university a few years ago and with my little knowledge this seems to be a big step forward in improving the models.
Back then I believed that these models were a lot more important than what I believe them to be now. I don't anymore believe in humanity as a wholes ability to move away from the dangerous path we have taken destroying nature that gives us what we need to sustain life.
In my eyes the last possibly way to prevent that we will go from living to surviving within the next x*100 years (0.3<3) is divine intervention, I don't believe that we as a humanity will be able to change the path we have trodden before it is to late, it probably already is to late
I did have some classes on climate modeling at university a few years ago and with my little knowledge this seems to be a big step forward in improving the models.
Back then I believed that these models were a lot more important than what I believe them to be now. I don't anymore believe in humanity as a wholes ability to move away from the dangerous path we have taken destroying nature that gives us what we need to sustain life.
In my eyes the last possibly way to prevent that we will go from living to surviving within the next x*100 years (0.3
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